Grid-Serving Control Methods in Energy Management Systems: Case Study in an Urban Grid Using Agent-Based Modeling

Abstract:
The growing integration of electrified devices, such as electric vehicles (EVs), heat pumps, and batteries, has elevated the role of Energy Management Systems (EMS) as key enablers of grid stability through grid-serving control methods. This paper investigates applying two grid-serving control methods in EMS, variable grid fees and direct power control, inspired by Germany’s §14a EnWG policy. A detailed approach is proposed for implementing both control methods in EMS, which is then applied to a highly electrified urban grid in Bavaria, Germany, modeled through an agent-based modeling framework. The resulting simulations are analyzed from grid’s and prosumers’ perspectives, offering insights for various stakeholders. The findings highlight the potential of grid-serving control methods in EMS to reduce grid overloads by up to 38.5% without compromising prosumer comfort. On the financial side, these methods can potentially lower infrastructure expansion costs for grid operators and reduce grid fees for prosumers, establishing a mutually beneficial system that enhances grid stability while enabling cost savings.