Integration of PV and V2G Technology in an Island Grid: A Real-Time Simulation Study of Kastellorizo

Abstract:
This paper investigates the operational impacts of integrating photovoltaic (PV) generation and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology into the autonomous medium-voltage electric power system of Kastellorizo, one of Greece’s non-interconnected islands (NIIs). A detailed network model was developed in the Typhoon hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulation environment using actual grid topology and demand data provided by the Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO). The enhanced system includes a 0.5MW PV plant and two 250kW bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) chargers. Simulations were conducted for scenarios involving PV disconnection and sudden load increase, with and without V2G functionality, during the island’s morning peak-load period. Results show that enabling V2G improves frequency stability and reduces diesel power plant (DPP) output, thereby lowering CO2 emissions. These findings demonstrate the potential of combined PV and V2G deployment to enhance the stability, resilience, and sustainability of small, isolated electric power systems.