A review of computational electromagnetic modeling tools for low frequency surface impedance investigations of the earth

Inhalt:
Time and frequency domain surface impedance measurements are used to define subsurface structure. Very low frequency measurements can yield information at depths of greater than 50m. Surface impedance probes have dimensions of less than 10^-5 wavelengths and yield lateral resolution of less than 10^-6 wavelengths. This is a significant modeling challenge. This paper compares the accuracy and efficiency of the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD), the frequency domain impedance method and the time domain impedance method. There appear to be significant advantages in using the time domain impedance method in modeling uniform media.